# Set the properties for the application
app_display_name = "Demo frontend app for Entra authentication"
description = "This app is used to demonstrate a frontend application where a user authenticates using Entra ID authentication via OIDC"
contact = "business_unit1@my.com"
........
# Create an app registration
def create_app_registration(display_name: str, contact: str):
    """This function creates a new application registration in Microsoft Graph API if it doesn't already exist
    Args:
        display_name (str): The display name for the new application registration.
        contact (str): The contact information to associate with the application registration.
    Returns:
        dict: The details of the created application registration.
    """
    check_app = get_app_registration_by_display_name(display_name)
    if check_app is not None:
        print(f"Application {check_app['displayName']} already exists and its id is {check_app['id']}")
        return check_app
    else: 
        print("Creating new application registration...")
        body = {
            "displayName": display_name,
            "description": description,
            # Setting to false means this is a confidential client application vs a public client
            "isFallbackPublicClient": False,
            # Set a service management reference which can be the contact associated with the application
            "serviceManagementReference": contact,
            # Create the app as multi tenant; single tenant would use AzureADMyOrg
            "signInAudience": "AzureADMultipleOrgs",
            # Add a redirect URI to support OIDC authentication
            "web": {
                "redirectUris": [
                    "http://localhost:8100/callback"
                ]
            }
        }
        response = requests.post(
            'https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications',
            headers={
                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                'Authorization': f'Bearer {user_token.token}'
            },
            json=body
        )
        return response.json()
app_frontend = create_app_registration(app_display_name, contact)
print(json.dumps(app_frontend, indent=2))

Creating new application registration...
{
  "@odata.context": "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/$metadata#applications/$entity",
  "id": "be0af053-faf4-44b3-b071-XXXXXXXX",
  "deletedDateTime": null,
  "appId": "fc815c55-d456-4d38-be76-XXXXXXXX",
  "applicationTemplateId": null,
  "disabledByMicrosoftStatus": null,
  "createdByAppId": "04b07795-8ddb-461a-XXXXXXXXXXXX",
  "createdDateTime": "2026-06-25T01:19:12.1150491Z",
  "displayName": "Demo frontend app for Entra authentication",
  "description": "This app is used to demonstrate a frontend application where a user authenticates using Entra ID authentication via OIDC",
  "groupMembershipClaims": null,
  "identifierUris": [],
  "isDeviceOnlyAuthSupported": null,
  "isDisabled": null,
  "isFallbackPublicClient": false,
  "nativeAuthenticationApisEnabled": null,
  "notes": null,
  "publisherDomain": "XXXXXXXX.onmicrosoft.com",
  "serviceManagementReference": "business_unit1@jogcloud.com",
  "signInAudience": "AzureADMultipleOrgs",
  "tags": [],
  "tokenEncryptionKeyId": null,
  "uniqueName": null,
  "samlMetadataUrl": null,
  "defaultRedirectUri": null,
  "certification": null,
  "optionalClaims": null,
  "servicePrincipalLockConfiguration": null,
  "requestSignatureVerification": null,
  "addIns": [],
  "api": {
    "acceptMappedClaims": null,
    "knownClientApplications": [],
    "requestedAccessTokenVersion": null,
    "oauth2PermissionScopes": [],
    "preAuthorizedApplications": []
  },
  "appRoles": [],
  "info": {
    "logoUrl": null,
    "marketingUrl": null,
    "privacyStatementUrl": null,
    "supportUrl": null,
    "termsOfServiceUrl": null
  },
  "keyCredentials": [],
  "parentalControlSettings": {
    "countriesBlockedForMinors": [],
    "legalAgeGroupRule": "Allow"
  },
  "passwordCredentials": [],
  "publicClient": {
    "redirectUris": []
  },
  "requiredResourceAccess": [],
  "verifiedPublisher": {
    "displayName": null,
    "verifiedPublisherId": null,
    "addedDateTime": null
  },
  "web": {
    "homePageUrl": null,
    "logoutUrl": null,
    "redirectUris": [
      "http://localhost:8100/callback"
    ],
    "implicitGrantSettings": {
      "enableAccessTokenIssuance": false,
      "enableIdTokenIssuance": false
    },
    "redirectUriSettings": [
      {
        "uri": "http://localhost:8100/callback",
        "index": null
      }
    ]
  },
  "spa": {
    "redirectUris": []
  }
}

import requests
import json
# Set the owners of the application using their Entra ID user object id
owners = [
    "2e69d9f2-b5b3-482b-9c15-XXXXXXXXXXXX"
]
........
# Add owners to the application registration
def add_owners_app_registration(owners: list, app_id: str):
    """This function adds owners to an application registration in Microsoft Graph API
    Args:
        owners (list): A list of Entra ID user object IDs to add as owners.
        app_id (str): The object ID of the application registration to add owners to.
    Returns:
        list: The updated list of owners for the application registration.
    """
    # Check the current owners to see if the owner is already listed
    check_owners = get_app_registration_owner(app_id)
    if check_owners is not None:
        for owner in owners:
            if owner in [o['id'] for o in check_owners]:
                 print(f"Owner {owner} is already an owner of the application.")
            # Since owner isn't there, add it
            else:
                print(f"Adding owner {owner} to the application...")
                response = requests.post(
                    f'https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications/{app_id}/owners/$ref',
                    headers={
                        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                        'Authorization': f'Bearer {user_token.token}'
                    },
                    json={
                        "@odata.id": f"https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directoryObjects/{owner}"
                    }
                )
                if response.status_code == 204:
                    print(f"Owner {owner} added successfully.")
                else:
                    print(f"Failed to add owner {owner}. Response: {response.status_code} - {response.text}")
    else:
        print("No current owners found for the application.")
        for owner in owners:
            print(f"Adding owner {owner} to the application...")
            response = requests.post(
                f'https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications/{app_id}/owners/$ref',
                headers={
                    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                    'Authorization': f'Bearer {user_token.token}'
                },
                json={
                    "@odata.id": f"https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directoryObjects/{owner}"
                }
            )
            if response.status_code == 204:
                print(f"Owner {owner} added successfully.")
            else:
                print(f"Failed to add owner {owner}. Response: {response.status_code} - {response.text}")
    new_owners = get_app_registration_owner(app_id)
    return new_owners
new_owners = add_owners_app_registration(owners = owners, app_id=app_frontend['id'])
print(json.dumps(new_owners, indent=2))

# Create a date one year from now that will be used to expire the app registration credential
start_date = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
end_date = (datetime.now(timezone.utc) + relativedelta(years=1)).replace(hour=23, minute=59, second=59, microsecond=0)
formatted_start_date = start_date.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ')
formatted_end_date = end_date.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ')
.........
# Create a client secret
def create_password_credential(app_id, end_date, start_date, override=False):
    """This function creates a password credential for an application registration in Microsoft Graph API. It will delete existing 
    credentials if override is set to True, otherwise it will return a message that a credential already exists.
    Args:
        app_id (str): The object ID of the application registration to create a password credential for.
        end_date (str): The end date and time for the password credential in ISO 8601 format.
        start_date (str): The start date and time for the password credential in ISO 8601 format.
        override (bool): Whether to override existing password credentials. Defaults to False.
    Returns:
        dict: The deatils of the created password credential or a blank dict if a credential already exists and override is False.
    """
    # Check to see if the app already has a password credential
    app = get_app_registration(app_id)
    if app['passwordCredentials'] == []:
        # Create a new credential
        body = {
            "displayName": "primary",
            "endDateTime": end_date,
            "startDateTime": start_date
        }
        response = requests.post(
            f'https://graph.microsoft.com/beta/applications/{app_id}/addPassword',
            headers={
                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                'Authorization': f'Bearer {user_token.token}'
            },
            json=body
        )
        if response.status_code != 200:
            print(f"Error creating password credential: {response.status_code}: {response.text}")
        else:
            print("Created new password credential.")
            return response.json()
    elif override:
        # Delete existing credentials
        for cred in app['passwordCredentials']:
            print("Deleting existing password credential...")
            response = requests.post(
                f'https://graph.microsoft.com/beta/applications/{app_id}/removePassword',
                headers={
                    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                    'Authorization': f'Bearer {user_token.token}'
                },
                json={
                    "keyId": cred['keyId']
                }
            )
            if response.status_code != 204:
                print(f"Error deleting password credential: {response.status_code}: {response.text}")
        # Create a new credential
        body = {
            "displayName": "primary",
            "endDateTime": end_date,
            "startDateTime": start_date
        }
        response = requests.post(
            f'https://graph.microsoft.com/beta/applications/{app_id}/addPassword',
            headers={
                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                'Authorization': f'Bearer {user_token.token}'
            },
            json=body
        )
        if response.status_code != 200:
            print(f"Error creating password credential: {response.status_code}: {response.text}")
        else:
            print("Created new password credential after deleting existing one.")
            return response.json()
    else:
        print("A secret already exists. You can delete it and create a new one by setting override=True")
        return app['passwordCredentials'][0]
        
password_credential_frontend = create_password_credential(app_frontend['id'], formatted_end_date, formatted_start_date, override=False)

def create_service_principal(app_id: str):
    """This function creates a service principal for an application registration in Microsoft Graph API if it doesn't already exist
    Args:
        app_id (str): The application ID of the service principal to create.
    Returns:
        dict or None: The details of the created service principal if successful, otherwise None.
    """
    # Check to see if the service principal already exists
    service_principal = get_service_principal_by_app_id(app_id)
    if service_principal is not None:
        print(f"Service principal already exists: {service_principal['id']}")
        return service_principal
    else:
        body = {
            "appId": app_id
        }
        response = requests.post(
            'https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/servicePrincipals',
            headers={
                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                'Authorization': f'Bearer {user_token.token}'
            },
            json=body
        )
        if response.status_code == 201:
            return response.json()
        else:
            print(f"Error creating service principal: {response.status_code}: {response.text}")
            return None
# Get or create the service principal
service_principal_frontend = create_service_principal(app_frontend['appId'])
print(json.dumps(service_principal_frontend, indent=2))

{
  "@odata.context": "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/$metadata#servicePrincipals/$entity",
  "id": "ce341fd2-fd6b-4dab-9beb-XXXXXXXXXXXX",
  "deletedDateTime": null,
  "accountEnabled": true,
  "alternativeNames": [],
  "appDisplayName": "Demo frontend app for Entra authentication",
  "appDescription": "This app is used to demonstrate a frontend application where a user authenticates using Entra ID authentication via OIDC",
  "appId": "fc815c55-d456-4d38-be76-XXXXXXXXXXX",
  "applicationTemplateId": null,
  "appOwnerOrganizationId": "6c80de31-d5e4-4029-93e4-XXXXXXXXXXXX",
  "appRoleAssignmentRequired": false,
  "createdByAppId": "04b07795-8ddb-461a-bbee-XXXXXXXXXXXX",
  "createdDateTime": "2026-06-25T01:41:05Z",
  "description": null,
  "disabledByMicrosoftStatus": null,
  "displayName": "Demo frontend app for Entra authentication",
  "homepage": null,
  "isDisabled": null,
  "loginUrl": null,
  "logoutUrl": null,
  "notes": null,
  "notificationEmailAddresses": [],
  "preferredSingleSignOnMode": null,
  "preferredTokenSigningKeyThumbprint": null,
  "replyUrls": [
    "http://localhost:8100/callback"
  ],
  "servicePrincipalNames": [
    "fc815c55-d456-4d38-be76-XXXXXXXXXXX
  ],
  "servicePrincipalType": "Application",
  "signInAudience": "AzureADMultipleOrgs",
  "tags": [],
  "tokenEncryptionKeyId": null,
  "samlSingleSignOnSettings": null,
  "addIns": [],
  "appRoles": [],
  "info": {
    "logoUrl": null,
    "marketingUrl": null,
    "privacyStatementUrl": null,
    "supportUrl": null,
    "termsOfServiceUrl": null
  },
  "keyCredentials": [],
  "oauth2PermissionScopes": [],
  "passwordCredentials": [],
  "resourceSpecificApplicationPermissions": [],
  "verifiedPublisher": {
    "displayName": null,
    "verifiedPublisherId": null,
    "addedDateTime": null
  }
}

# Get the existing app permissions
def get_app_permissions(id: str):
    """This function retrieves the existing permissions required for an application registration from the Microsoft Graph API.
    Args:
        id (str): The object ID of the application registration to retrieve permissions for.
    Returns:
        list: A list of required resource permissions or else an empty list
    """
    response = requests.get(
        f'https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications/{id}',
        headers={
            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
            'Authorization': f'Bearer {user_token.token}'
        }
    )
    if response.status_code != 200:
        print(f"Error getting app permissions: {response.status_code}: {response.text}")
        return None
    
    # Return the current permission set or a blank array if there are no permissions currently set
    return response.json().get('requiredResourceAccess') or []
# Add the app permissions to the app registration. This is useful for multi-tenant apps to document required permissions. It does not grant any permissions.
def add_app_permissions(app_id: str, resource_access: list):
    """This function adds the required permissions to an application registration in Microsoft Graph API
    Args:
        app_id (str): The object ID of the application registration to add permissions to.
        resource_access (list): A list of permissions to add to the application registration in the format of requiredResourceAccess.
    Returns:
        dict or None: The updated application registration details if successful, otherwise None.
    """
    # Get the existing permissions in order to append to them
    app_permissions = get_app_permissions(app_id)
    # Append the new permissions to the existing ones
    for permission in resource_access:
        # Check if this resource already exists in the app permissions
        existing_resource = None
        for resource in app_permissions:
            if resource['resourceAppId'] == permission['resourceAppId']:
                existing_resource = resource
                break
        if existing_resource:
            # Append the new permissions to the existing resource
            for access in permission['resourceAccess']:
                if access not in existing_resource['resourceAccess']:
                    existing_resource['resourceAccess'].append(access)
        else:
            # Add the new resource and its permissions
            app_permissions.append(permission)
    
    # Update the app registration with the new permissions
    body = {
        "requiredResourceAccess": app_permissions
    }
    response = requests.patch(
        f'https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications/{app_id}',
        headers={
            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
            'Authorization': f'Bearer {user_token.token}'
        },
        json=body
    )
    if response.status_code != 204:
        print(f"Error adding app permissions: {response.status_code}: {response.text}")
        return None
    else:
        print("App permissions documented as required successfully.")
        return get_app_registration(app_id)
new_permissions = [
    {
        "resourceAppId": "00000003-0000-0000-c000-000000000000",  # Microsoft Graph
        "resourceAccess": [
            {
                "id": "e1fe6dd8-ba31-4d61-89e7-88639da4683d",  # User.Read
                "type": "Scope"
            }
        ]
    }
]
app_required_permissions = add_app_permissions(app_frontend['id'], new_permissions)['requiredResourceAccess']
print("\n=== App required permissions ===")
print(json.dumps(app_required_permissions, indent=2))

https://login.microsoftonline.com/6c80de31-d5e4-4029-93e4-XXXXXXXXXXXX/oauth2/v2.0/authorize?
client_id=afbd7539-a21f-4d11-93a3-XXXXXXXXXXXX&
response_type=code&
redirect_uri=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A8100%2Fcallback&
scope=User.Read+offline_access+openid+profile&
state=iuxzJhtpdQrWHKqG&code_challenge=L2KNF971_Izy0wWY4v_8GJ1XXXXXXXXXXXX&
code_challenge_method=S256&
nonce=b448a1420a781ac5f18bc2db7f74e06a42fbedca3dd04ebdXXXXXXXXXXXX&
client_info=1

{
  "aud": "fc815c55-d456-4d38-be76-XXXXXXXXXXXX",
  "exp": 1782358405,
  "iat": 1782354505,
  "iss": "https://login.microsoftonline.com/6c80de31-d5e4-4029-93e4-XXXXXXXXXXXX/v2.0",
  "name": "Carl Carlson",
  "nbf": 1782354505,
  "nonce": "19297055204c96a487b701f62890cf1c867a7fac55814081f53cbe4XXXXXXXX",
  "oid": "2e69d9f2-b5b3-482b-9c15-XXXXXXXXXXXX",
  "preferred_username": "carl.carlson@jogcloud.com",
  "rh": "1.AbcAMd6AbOTVKUCT5ForPA4SmVVcgfxW1XXXXXXXXXXXX",
  "sid": "005f65fa-bad8-71a5-49eb-XXXXXXXXXXXX",
  "sub": "p9RBIgpi113pdPH37Q50qylIbANwgMtDXXXXXXXXXXXX",
  "tid": "6c80de31-d5e4-4029-93e4-XXXXXXXXXXXX",
  "uti": "tL2-eu4OB0KFhXGl7j4UAA",
  "ver": "2.0"
}